These ingredients are ‘soft’ wheat flour, which contains less protein than the flour used to bake bread, sugar, and fats, such as butter and oil.ġ615 – The English Hus-wife, by Gervase Markham, has two recipes for Jumbles: Despite more varieties becoming available, the essential ingredients of biscuits didn’t change. As technology improved during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, so did the ability of bakers to make a wide range of sweet and savory biscuits for commercial consumption. By having guilds, authorities could easily regulate the amount and quality of goods baked. To become a baker, people had to complete years of an apprenticeship – working through the ranks of apprentice, journeyman, and finally master baker. ![]() For centuries, a ship’s biscuit, an iron-like cracker, was aboard any ship that left port because it could last for months (even years under the right conditions).ĭuring the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, baking was a carefully controlled profession, managed through a series of Guilds or professional associations. Do not burne them if they be three or foure days olde they bee the better.Īs people started to explore the globe, biscuits (hardtack) became the ideal traveling food, because they stayed fresh for long periods Hardtack proved a portable food that had a long storage life and was perfect for traveling. To make Fine Cakes.- Take fine flowre and good Damaske water you must have no other liqeur but that, then take sweet butter, two or three yolkes of eggs and a good quantity of Suger, and a few cloves, and mace, as your Cookes mouth shall serve him, and a lyttle saffron, and a little Gods good about a spoonful if you put in too much they shall arise, cutte them in squares lyke unto trenchers, and pricke them well, and let your oven be well swept and lay them uppon papers and so set them into the oven. This is a square short-cookie enriched with egg yolks and spices, baked on parchment paper. One of the earliest cookery books for the growing middle classes in Elizabethan England. Renaissance cookbooks were rich in cookie recipes.ġ596 – From the 1596 cookbook called Goode Huswife’s Jewel by Thomas Dawson. This was the beginning of one of the best documented products of the Middle Ages.īy the end of the 14th century, one could buy little filled wafers on the streets of Paris. In 510 BC, hungry soldiers of the Emperor Darius were near the river Indus, when they discovered some “reeds which produce honey without bees.” Evidently this early contact with the Asian sources of sugar cane made no great impression, so it was left to be re-discovered in 327 BC by Alexander the Great, who spread it’s culture through Persia and introduced it in the Mediterranean. With the Muslim invasion of Spain, then the Crusades and the developing spice trade, the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe.įrom the web site, How Sweet It Was: Cane Sugar from the Ancient World to the Elizabethian Period, by Brandy and Courtney Powers: Sugar spread to Persia and then to the Eastern Mediterranean. According to historians, sugar originated either in the lowlands of Bengal or elsewhere in Southeast Asia. ![]() ![]() ![]() (now Iran), one of the first countries to cultivate sugar (luxurious cakes and pastries in large and small versions were well known in the Persian empire). – The earliest cookie-style cakes are thought to date back to 7th century Persia A.D.
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